Infection with drug-resistant strains of the causative organism Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi or Paratyphi increases morbidity and mortality
2 3 About 14 million people are affected annually with 136 000 deaths, mainly in low and middle income countries, according to
Since 2016, an ongoing outbreak of XDR typhoid fever has sickened more than 5,000 people in Pakistan, and 11 children in the United States who traveled to or Consult Now
In an RCT including 105 adults with confirmed typhoid fever in Nepal, a combination of azithromycin and cefixime for outpatients and azithromycin and ceftriaxone for inpatients was superior to The ability of azithromycin to achieve intracellular concentrations in monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes 231 and 83 times greater than the concentrations in serum, respectively (13, 21), appears to be essential for its therapeutic activity against typhoid fever
Cephalosporins or azithromycin are the drugs of choice for treating infection caused by the reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility of S
Typhoid fever is caused by a bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and to a lesser extent, serotypes Paratyphi A, B, and C
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Chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, meropenem, and tigecycline are the antibiotics with activity against S
Those who have had typhoid fever can get it again if they are re-exposed to the bacteria
The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends treatment with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone due to widespread resistance to older, first-line antimicrobials